Fool Chapter 7

SEVEN A BROTHER TRAITOR Am I to be everlastingly alone? The anchoress revealed to me it may be in this way, attempting to comfort me when I felt pushed aside by the sisters of Dog Snogging. â€Å"You're talented with mind, Pocket, however to cast agree and quip you should stand separate from the objective of your points. I dread you may turn into a forlorn man, even in the organization of others.† Maybe she was correct. Maybe it is the reason I am such a cultivated horn-mammoth and persuasive crafter of cuckoldry. I look for just aid and comfort underneath the skirts of the delicate and comprehension. Thus, restless, did I advance toward the incredible lobby to discover some solace among the château vixens who dozed there. The fire despite everything bursted, logs the size of bulls set in before bed. My sweet Squeak, who had oft opened her heart and so forth to a wayfaring numb-skull, had nodded off in the arms of her significant other, who spooned her pitilessly as he wheezed. Shanker Mary was not to be seen, no uncertainty adjusting the jerk Edmund some place, and my other standard lovelies had fallen into sleep in closeness excessively near spouses or fathers to concede a forlorn imbecile. Ok, yet the new young lady, just in the kitchen a fortnight, called Tess or Kate or conceivably Fiona. Her hair was fly and shone like oiled iron; smooth skin, cheeks brushed by a rose †she grinned at my japes and had given Drool an apple without his inquiring. I am moderately certain that I loved her. I tread lightly over the surges that lined the floor (I had left Jones in my chamber, his cap chimes no assistance in making sure about covert sentiment), set down next to her, and acquainted my personage with the under of her cover. A tender push at the hip woke her. â€Å"Hello,† said she. â€Å"Hello,† said I. â€Å"Not a papist, are you, love?† â€Å"Christ, no, Druid conceived and raised.† â€Å"Thank God.† â€Å"What are you doing under my blanket?† â€Å"Warming up. I'm frightfully cold.† â€Å"No you're not.† â€Å"Brrrr. Freezing.† â€Å"It's hot in here.† â€Å"All right, at that point. I'm simply being friendly.† â€Å"Would you quit goading me with that?† â€Å"Sorry, it does that when it's desolate. Maybe on the off chance that you petted it.† At that point, adulated be the kind goddess of the wood, she petted it, likely, respectfully from the start, as though she detected how much happiness it could bring to all who interacted with it. A versatile young lady, not given to attacks of insanity or unobtrusiveness †and soon a delicate guarantee in her grasp that sold out some involvement with the treatment of masculine bits †basically beautiful she was. â€Å"I figured it would have a little cap, with bells.† â€Å"Ah, yes. Indeed, given a private spot to transform, I'm certain that can be masterminded. Under your skirt, maybe. Move aside, love, we'll be more subtle on the off chance that we keep the nestle on a parallel plane.† I popped her chests out of her dress, at that point, liberated the roly-poly pink-nosed pups to the firelight and the amicable services of this ace performer, and thought to burble my cheeks delicately between them, when the apparition showed up. The soul was progressively significant presently, highlights depicting what more likely than not been a most attractive animal before she was rearranged off to the unfamiliar nation, no uncertainty by a nearby relative fatigued of her aggravating nature. She coasted over the dozing type of the cook Bubble, rising and falling on the draft of her wheezes. â€Å"Sorry to frequent you while you're rogering the help,† said the apparition. â€Å"The rogering has not initiated, wisp, I have scarcely harnessed the pony for a sodden and off color ride. Presently, go away.† â€Å"Right, at that point. Sorry to have intruded on your endeavored rogering.† â€Å"Are you considering me a horse?† asked Possibly Fiona. â€Å"Not by any means, love, you pet the little jokester and I'll take care of the haunting.† â€Å"There's consistently a grisly phantom about, ain't there?† remarked Possibly, a press on my handle for accentuation. â€Å"When you live in a keep where blood runs blue and murder is the supported game, yes,† said the apparition. â€Å"Oh do fuck off,† said I. â€Å"Thou obvious smell, thou steaming disturbance, thou vaporous bother! I'm pitiable, tragic, and desolate, and attempting to raise a speck of solace and overlooking here in the arms of, uh †â€Å" â€Å"Kate,† said Possibly Fiona. â€Å"Really?† She gestured. â€Å"Not Fiona?† â€Å"Kate since the day me da tied me tummy line to a tree.† â€Å"Well, bugger. Sorry. Pocket here, called the Black Fool, enchanted I'm certain. Will I kiss your hand?† â€Å"Double-jointed, at that point, are ye?† said Kate, a tickle to my tackle coming to her meaningful conclusion. â€Å"Bloody heck, would both of you shut up?† said the apparition. â€Å"I'm frequenting over here.† â€Å"Go on,† said we. The apparition supported her chest and made a sound as if to speak, expecto-rating a minuscule phantom frog that vanished in the firelight with a murmur, at that point stated: â€Å"When a subsequent kin's base scorn, Proffers lies that cloud the vision, Also, disavows that families tie, Will a crazy person ascend to lead the blind.† â€Å"What?† said the previous Fiona. â€Å"What?† said I. â€Å"Prophecy of fate, innit?† said the apparition. â€Å"Spot o' the old riddly portending from past, don't you know?† â€Å"Can't murder her once more, can we?† asked false Fiona. â€Å"Gentle spook,† said I. â€Å"If it is an admonition you bring, state it valid. On the off chance that activity you require, ask by and large. In the event that music you should make, play on. Be that as it may, by the wine-recolored bundles of Bacchus, talk your bleeding business, fast and clear, at that point be gone, before time's iron tongue licks away my kindness bonk with second thoughts.† â€Å"You are the spooky one, fool. It's your business I do. What do you want?† â€Å"I need you to leave, I need Fiona to tag along unobtrusively, and I need Cordelia, Drool, and Taster back †presently, would you be able to disclose to me how to make those things come to fruition? Can you, you yammering whirlwind of fumes?† â€Å"It can be done,† said the phantom. â€Å"Your answer lies with the witches of Great Birnam Wood.† â€Å"Or you could simply screwing tell me,† said I. â€Å"Nooooo,† sang the phantom, all ghosty and ethereal, and with that she blurred away. â€Å"Leaves a chill when she goes, don't she?† said in the past Fiona. â€Å"Appears to have mollified your purpose, if its all the same to you my sayin'.† â€Å"The phantom spared my life last evening,† said I, attempting to will life once again into the wan and wilted. â€Å"Kilt the little one, however, isn't that right? Back to your bed, fool, the lord's leaving on the morrow and there's a mischievous parcel of work to do in the first part of the day to plan for his trip.† Unfortunately, I concealed my tackle and pouted back to the portislodge to pack my unit for my last excursion from the White Tower. All things considered, I won't miss the ridiculous trumpets at first light, I can reveal to you that. Furthermore, turf the grisly drawbridge chains shaking in my loft before the rooster crows. We may have been doing battle for all the racket and goings-on from the outset light. Through the bolt circle I could see Cordelia braving with France and Burgundy, remaining in the stirrups like a man, similar to she was headed toward the chase, as opposed to leaving her familial home until the end of time. Shockingly, she didn't think back, and I didn't wave to her, significantly after she crossed the waterway and braved of sight. Slobber was not all that whimsical, and as he was driven out of the château by a rope round his neck, he continued halting and thinking back, until the man at arms to whom he was fastened would yank him once again into step. I was unable to stand to let him see me, so I didn't go out onto the divider. Rather I sneaked back to my bed and lay there, my temple squeezed to the virus stone divider, tuning in as the remainder of the royals and their entourages clomped over the drawbridge underneath. Grass Lear, turf the royals, grass the bleeding White Tower. All I cherished was gone or prospective abandoned, and all that I possessed was stuffed in a rucksack and held tight my snare, Jones standing out the top, ridiculing me with his puppety smile. At that point, a thump at my entryway. Like hauling myself from the grave, was advancing toward open it. There she stood, new and flawless, holding a container. â€Å"Fiona!† â€Å"Kate,† said Fiona. â€Å"Aye, your determination suits you, even in daylight.† â€Å"Bubble sends her feelings over Taster and Drool, and sends you these sweet cakes and milk for your solace, however says no doubt and remind you to not leave the manor without saying your goodbyes, and further that you are a dog, a scalawag, and a scurvy patch.† â€Å"Ah, sweet Bubble, when graciousness shagged a monstrosity, in this manner was she sired.† â€Å"And I'm here to offer solace myself, completing what was begun in the extraordinary corridor the previous evening. Squeak says to get some information about a little chap in a canoe.† â€Å"My my, Fi, bit of a tart, aren't we?† â€Å"Druish, love. My kin consume a virgin each harvest time †one can't be too careful.† â€Å"Well, good, yet I'm forsaken and I shan't appreciate it.† â€Å"In that we will endure together. Forward! Off with your unit, fool!† What is it about me that draws out the despot in ladies, I wonder? â€Å"The next morning† extended into seven days of groundwork for takeoff from the White Tower. At the point when Lear articulated that he would be joined by one hundred knights it was not as though one hundred men could mount up and brave of the entryways at dawn. Each knight †the unlanded second or third child of a respectable †would have in any event one assistant, a page, typically a man to tend his ponies, and once in a while a man at arms. Each had in any event one warhorse, a monstrous defensively covered monster, and two, some of the time three creatures to convey his reinforcement, weapons, and supplies. Furthermore, Albany was three weeks' jou

Ethical Challenges in the Era If Health Care Reform Free Essays

string(99) denied clinics from rejecting intense consideration to any ndividual who couldn't bear to pay (CMS. Morals, Law, and Policy Vicki D. Lachman Ethical Challenges in the Era Of Health Care Reform n truth, the United States is toward the start of a long late and a genuinely necessary social insurance change. We have seen the dreary insights about our significant expense social insurance framework and a portion of the not exactly heavenly results (e. We will compose a custom paper test on Moral Challenges in the Era If Health Care Reform or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now g. , baby mortality) (Callahan, 2011; World Health Organization [WHO], 2011)). The reason for this article isn't to whine about the present social insurance framework, however rather to concentrate on existing change endeavors †The Patient Protection and he Affordable Care Act (ACA), the moral avocations for its creation, and moral difficulties it brings. I Key Features of the Law ACA offers new ways for purchasers and suppliers to consider insurance agencies responsible. The most significant pieces of the law are highlights depicted in the accompanying conversation. On account of room constraint, I will feature a few components of the law that are authorized through 2014 and plainly sway nursing. These chose highlights incorporate protection decisions, protection costs, rights and security, and individuals age 65 and more seasoned. Protection Choices The aim of the law is to extend human services inclusion to most U. S. residents and changeless occupants by requiring a great many people to have or buy medical coverage (HealthCare. gov, 2012a). Residents will have a decision of private protection, manager paid protection, Medicaid, Medicare, or state-based protection trades. Moderate Insurance Exchanges. People and independent companies can buy inclusion through these trades, with premium and cost-sharing credits accessible to people and families with pay between 133%-400% of the government destitution rule (in 2011, the overty rule was $18,530 for a group of three) (Werhane Tieman, 2011). Organizations with at least 50 representatives need to make inclusion accessible, and organizations with under 25 workers will fit the bill for charge credits to balance their cost (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2011). Purchaser Operated and Oriented Plan (CO-OP). The ACA produces another sort of non-benefit wellbeing safety net provider, called a C onsumer Operated and Oriented Plan (CO-OP). Centers are intended to offer customer well disposed, reasonable medical coverage alternatives to people and independent companies. By January 1, 2014, people will have the option to purchase a CO-OP Vicki D. Lachman, PhD, APRN, MBE, FAAN, is Clinical Professor, and Director, Innovation and Intra/Entrepreneurship in Advanced Practice Nursing, Drexel University, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Philadelphia, PA. 248 wellbeing plan through the Affordable Insurance Exchanges. Previous condition protection plan. Every single secured advantage are accessible to people, even to treat a previous condition. This program offers impermanent security for individuals with prior conditions until 2014, when insurance agencies can no longer deny people inclusion dependent on their wellbeing status. Youthful grown-up inclusion. People can include or keep their youngsters their medical coverage strategy until they arrive at age 26. The law makes it simpler and progressively moderate for youthful grown-ups to get medical coverage inclusion. Protection Costs ACA considers insurance agencies responsible. It additionally assists people with holding their expenses down. Incentive for individual’s premium dollar. ACA requires back up plans offering approaches to people or little gatherings to spend at any rate 80% of premiums on direct clinical consideration and endeavors to improve the nature of care. Tragically, this doesn't have any significant bearing to self-safeguarded plans. Lifetime and yearly cutoff points. ACA confines and eliminates the yearly dollar restricts a wellbeing plan can put on the vast majority of its advantages. Moreover, ACA dispenses with these cutoff points totally in 2014. Rate audit. Insurance agencies should now legitimize proposed rate increments for medical coverage. Insurance agencies can't raise rates by 10% or more without first disclosing the motivations to the state or government rate audit program. Rights and Protections The ACA places purchasers responsible for their social insurance, not insurance agencies. The accompanying rights and customer securities are accessible. Preventive consideration. People might not need to pay a copayment, co-protection, or deductible to get suggested preventive wellbeing administrations, for example, screenings (e. g. , mammograms and colonoscopies), immunizations (e. g. measles, polio, or meningitis), and directing (e. g. , smoking suspension, weight reduction, good dieting). Specialist decision and ER get to. People can pick any accessible partaking essential consideration supplier and they can access out-of-arrange crisis rooms without earlier endorsement. ACA disallows wellbeing plans from requiring a referral from an essential consideration supplier before ladies can look for inclusion for obstetrical or ynecological (OBGYN) care. Individuals 65 and more established. ACA offers qualified seniors a scope of preventive administrations with no cost-sharing. ACA additionally gives limits on drugs when more established grown-ups are in the inclusion hole known as the â€Å"donut gap. † July-August 2012 †¢ Vol. 21/No. 4 Ethical Chal lenges in the Era of Health Care Reform TABLE 1. Perspectives on Liberal Egalitarians versus Libertarians and Free-Market Advocates Liberal Egalitarians Libertarians and Free-Market Advocates Health care is a crucial decent and access to this great Role of government is bound to ensuring the opportunity of all permits us to turn out to be full citizenry. ersons to pick their own objectives and intends to seek after them. This privilege to human services must be practiced by expelling all People reserve an option to non-obstruction. boundaries to get to. Equity, correspondence, and network are values. Opportunity and moral obligation are values. Social insurance is a right. Human services is a product. Single-payer framework is the arrangement. Decentralized market components with individual installment are the arrangement. Preventive administrations. The rundown is critical and starts with a yearly health visit. Other significant preventive administrations incorporate bone mass esti mation; cervical disease creening, including Pap smear tests and pelvic tests; colorectal, prostate, and diabetes screening; flu, pneumonia, and hepatitis B inoculations; and numerous different administrations. There are different administrations and highlights in the ACA that could be talked about, yet we will currently move to examine the moral supports for the ACA. The debate it has made according to people with a free-market or libertarian view will be contrasted with those with a liberalegalitarian standpoint. Moral Justifications for the ACA Since 1986, the Emergency Treatment and Labor Act has disallowed clinics from denying intense consideration to any ndividual who couldn't bear to pay (CMS. You read Moral Challenges in the Era If Health Care Reform in classification Papers gov, 2012). â€Å"Consequently, $100 billion of care every year is ‘costshifted’ onto patients who can pay, practically all whom are protected. This move raises the normal yearly medical co verage premium generally $1,000 for each guaranteed family† (Crowley, 2009, p. 10). This absence of distributive equity for the protected is one motivation behind why protection is being commanded in ACA. It is similarly out of line to command that all residents have protection if protection isn't reasonable, as this could make critical damage people and families previously battling monetarily. In this way, the moral standards of helpfulness and nonmaleficence are upheld by the highlights of Affordable Insurance Exchanges and the improvement of Consumer Operated and Oriented Plans. Moral thinking for social insurance change has depended principally on distributive equity as defense for change, explicitly because of absence of access to think about the underinsured and uninsured (Lachman, 2009). As indicated by the U. S. Registration Bureau, 46. 3 million individuals in the United States were uninsured in 2008 (ProCon. organization, 2012). The United States is the main created country on the planet cap doesn't ensure wellbeing inclusion. Table 1 offers an examination of perspectives on people who bolster distributive equity, see social insurance as a right, and subsequently need a solitary payer framework with those people who need to proceed with the free-showcase framework. â€Å"To single-payer advocates, the essential objective of wellbeing approach is guaranteeing that everybody can acquire some negligible level July-August 2012 †¢ Vol. 21/No. 4 of wellbeing care† (Sade, 2007, p. 1429). Making access to human services generally accessible grants people to be completely working citizenry and the ethical ommunity (a gathering of individuals attracted together by a typical enthusiasm living as indicated by a specific good way of thinking). Then again, Americans who are libertarians and free-advertise advocates for the most part look past the regular (hereditary) and social (childhood) lottery that puts some off guard and rather look to the individual’s choice and moral duty regarding activities (Callahan, 2011; Pariser, 2012; Trotter, 2011). They accept human services is one of the numerous choices from which to decide to improve their present circumstance. Their confidence in moral obligation can make them unsympathetic o individuals with unfortunate ways of life for whom they would at last need to spend their protection dollars. They likewise despise financing medicines they by and by would not pick (e. g. , transplants, mechanical ventilation for individual in persevering vegetative state). In spite of the fact that numerous rich people bolster medicinal services change out of altruism, they do fear the loss of opportunity which is key to their worth framework. Be that as it may, two extra factors drive change for social insurance change †critical expense and quality issues. In 2007, human services uses totaled $2.

Do You Have Musical Performance Anxiety

Do You Have Musical Performance Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Do You Have Musical Performance Anxiety? By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on June 24, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Caiaimage/Tom Merton/Getty Images Musical performance anxiety is a type of anxiety experienced by some people with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Musicians who experience this type of anxiety are critical and self-evaluative before, during, and after performances. This negative self-evaluation causes disrupted concentration and a host of physical symptoms that result in performance below the ability of the musician. Why do some musicians experience such debilitating performance anxiety? When musical performance anxiety is experienced as part of SAD, it is likely due to a combination of factors such as innate temperament and negative early performance experiences. In general, researchers have found that females are more likely than males to experience this type of anxiety. Musical Performance Anxiety Statements What does musical performance anxiety feel like? If you experience this fear, the following statements probably sound familiar. Questionnaires with statements similar to these have been used by researchers to examine the thoughts and feelings experienced by people with musical performance anxiety. The harder I work to prepare for a concert, the more likely it seems that I will make a mistake.I worry about a negative reaction from the audience.I have a sense of dread before performances.I worry about performing weeks or months in advance.I never know the night of performance whether or not I will do well.There are times during performances when I wonder if I will make it through. Problematic thinking is often at the root of musical performance anxiety. Thoughts such as My performance needs to be perfect or I am a complete failure or I had a good performance tonight but I must have just been lucky, create and maintain anxiety. Below are some common thought distortions that may be contributing to your anxiety about performing. Black or white thinking: If my performance isnt perfect, I am a failure.Overgeneralization:I had a bad performance tonight; I have always been a bad performer and always will be.Mental filter:Everyone must have noticed how I messed up in the middle; it doesnt matter that the rest was OK, my mistake ruined the performance.Disqualifying the positive: I had a good performance tonight but I must have just been lucky.Jumping to conclusions: The audience was really quiet tonight, they must not have liked my performance. Treatments When musical performance anxiety is part of SAD, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with a trained therapist can be helpful to identify cognitive distortions and work towards more positive thought patterns. In addition, behavioral therapy interventions such as cue-controlled relaxation, systematic desensitization, progressive muscle relaxation, and breathing techniques may help to reduce anxiety when performing. Although cognitive and behavioral interventions can be successful on their own, pairing these treatments with medication may reduce anxiety more quickly and effectively. Medications such as beta blockers can be helpful to manage anxiety symptoms during performances. Beta-blockers such as Inderal (propranolol) taken before a performance reduce symptoms of anxiety such as increased heart rate, shaking and sweating. In addition to beta blockers, benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be helpful in managing musical performance anxiety. If you are a musician dealing with severe performance anxiety, it is important to get help. Although some anxiety about performing is normal and may even enhance your performance, excessive anxiety is neither helpful nor inevitable. There are options to overcome your fears and reach your full potential as a musician, but you need to make it a priority to get your anxiety under control.

Nemesis in Greek Mythology

The Impact Of The Salem Witch Trials - 2018 Words

The Salem Witch Hunt Introduction The Salem Witch Trials is a term that is used to refer to a series of different witchcraft cases that were taken to the local magistrates of a region known as Salem that happened to be considered as a part of the Massachusetts Bay colony in the 17th Century (Roach and Rosenthal 925). Additionally, it is important to note that the Salem Witch Trials have been considered to be amongst some of the darkest periods in the American trial history. The reason why the trails were considered to be amongst the worst trials in the American history is brought out by the fact that over two hundred individuals were taken to court and collectively accused as witches (Baker 34). The end of the trials saw a total of†¦show more content†¦It is important to note that in the 17th century, people from Massachusetts were exposed to a kind of fear that was linked to the Devil and being constantly portrayed as always finding for all possible ways to infiltrate and interfere with Christianity in the American society (Clark and Aronson 401). In connection to this, it is important to understand that the Salem community was one of the strongly religious communities living that lived in near isolation and to some extent, in its own New World where the sense of fearing the devil had been made a part of the society. The fear that the community living in this area had was triggered when Tituba, one of the accused witches went on to confess that she was working for the devil (Martin and Bascle 70). The confession that was made led to the development of hysteria and panic in the region making the region to devote their efforts to a massive witch hunt. In this, it is important to note that despite there being some contributing factors in the witch hunt, the confession that was made by Tituba is always considered to be the main reason why the Salem Witch Trial came to being. During the trial period, the Massachusetts Bay colonists had initially engaged in the process of convicting individ uals for engaging in witchcraft for some time with one of the conviction that he made is that of Margaret Jones, that took place in 1648Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Salem Witch Trials1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe myths surrounding the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 spike the interest of historians and non-academics alike. These trials have been the concern of different historical articles, novels, plays, films, and even religious debates. One issue that is certain, is the hysteria of the community overwhelmed Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 and 1693. 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Specifically, it will examine: 1) Major events impacting traditional religious beliefs in America, 2) Religious disputes which impacted land development, and 3) The impact religion had on slavery. Religion is closely tied to events like the Protestant Reformation and other religious movements. The ProtestantRead MoreThe Mccarthy Hearings Vs The Salem Witch Trials Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesHearings vs The Salem Witch Trials The McCarthy Hearings and the Salem Witch Trials both transformed the thought process of Americans today. Despite being described as completely unique and distinguished events, they both are eerily similar in appearance. The Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism are both described as witch hunts with several similarities in the way the inspired fear but they have several differences in the motivation and the end of each event. The Salem Witch Trials is know for its

Definitions of Common App Essay Prompt 1 Samples

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Nuclear a Harmful Source of Energy free essay sample

NUCLEAR: A HARMFUL SOURCE OF ENERGY TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Thesis Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Specific questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Significance of Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Chapter II Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Chapter III Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦62 Recommen dation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦62 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 63 Operational Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 65 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: The researcher finds the topic about nuclear interesting because it is one of the issues that our country is facing. She learned that a senator pursues the opening of the nuclear power plant. She wanted to prove that the nuclear has different effects to the people and environment. She wanted to know if the nuclear can really be harmful. The researcher will conduct different studies to come up to a definite conclusion. She is going to conduct researches in the internet. She will read books, magazines and newspapers and review previous articles. She will watch news for current issues about the topic and movies related to it. She is also going to conduct interviews and surveys about the opinions of different people. The topic is about the effects of nuclear to everyone. Nuclear is different forms. There are what we call nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, nuclear fission and fusion. The nuclear fission is the process in which the nuclei of atoms split into two or more fragments under bombardment by neutrons. Nuclear fusion is also called thermonuclear fusion. Nuclear power plants are powered by nuclear radiation using nuclear fission as heat that produces electricity. Nuclear weapons are commonly bombs that cause large destruction. THESIS STATEMENT: â€Å"Nuclear results to destructive and serious problems. SPECIFIC QUESTIONS: 1. What are the effects of nuclear to humans? 2. What are the damages of nuclear to animals and surroundings? 3. Is nuclear really the best solution to energy shortage? SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY: The researcher wants to give information to everyone especially now that the nuclear power plant is proposed to be open. She wanted to give a little help to persons near the power plants and let others know the bad effects of it. She wanted to prove that nuclear are very harmful to all of us. CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Indian nuclear workers deliberately poisoned BANGALORE, India (AFP) – Workers at a nuclear power plant in southern India were treated for poisoning after drinking water was deliberately spiked with radiation, senior government officials said Sunday. Routine tests showed 55 employees from the plant in Kaiga in the state of Karnataka had increased levels of the radioactive element tritium, which is used in nuclear reactors. B. Bhattacharjee, a member of the National Disaster Management Authority, said someone had inserted contaminated water into a water cooler, according to the Press Trust of India. The employees had not suffered any ill effects and had returned to work, plant officials told AFP. Atomic Energy Commission chairman Anil Kakodkar, speaking on the Headlines Today television network, blamed the sabotage on an insider who has played mischief. Kakodkar said security was fool-proof and there was no chance of an outsider gaining access to the station. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India, which operates the countrys civil nuclear facilities, said in a statement that preliminary enquiries revealed no radioactive leak or security breach. It is possibly an act of mischief, the statement said. State ministers assured local residents that their health was not at risk. The Kaiga plant was shut down in October for annual maintenance and is due to reopen shortly. The news was included by the researcher because she believes that it is a proof that nuclear really dangers the health of the people that was affected by its radiation. It shows that working on this nuclear plants are really dangerous. 2. A Girls Epilation Caused By Acute Radiation Effects This girl (11 years old) was on the second floor of a wooden house which was situated 2 kilometers from the hypocenter. Since she was indoors, she did not receive any burns, but about a week later, epilation started. She suffered from loss of appetite, bleeding from the gum, and fever. She was recovered a little when this photograph was taken. Epilation is a characteristic external sympton of exposure to radiation. It can occur as early as 5 or 10 days after exposure, but in most instances the hair loss commenced in the second or third week. Fever begins a few days after the start of epilation and rises to about 40 degrees centigrade. Many people died in this condition. Even those who were shielded and did not receive any external wound or burn suffered from symptons such as epilation, fever, bleeding and bloody excrement if they were within 1 kilometer of the hypocenter. Many of these victims died within 7 days. The researcher believes that the nuclear explosion that happened there was really disastrous and really harmful. Just take a look at the effect of this to the people nearby. Even after the explosion, there were still effects of it and it even killed people with its simple radiation. 3. Windscale Fire On October 10, 1957, the core of the Windscale nuclear reactor (which was being used for research and defense purposes) in Cumbria, England caught fire and burned for nearly two days before being extinguished. The incident resulted in the release of radioactive material into the surrounding area that spread across much of northern Europe and western Scandinavia. Within days of the accident, the British government initiated an official inquiry into the causes of the fire. Although no serious environmental or health effects were noted in the aftermath of the event, it was nonetheless the largest accidental release of radioactive material in the history of the British nuclear industry. Prior to information becoming available regarding the Soviet nuclear program, the Windscale fire was considered the worst nuclear disaster before Three Mile Island in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986. The accident On October 7, 1957, operators initiated an annealing cycle for Windscale Pile 1 by reducing airflow into the core. The next day, they slowly increased the power to the reactor in order to raise the temperature of the core, but it soon became apparent that a gradual release of energy from the graphite was not occurring as it should. In response, the operators further increased power in the hopes of accelerating the annealing process, but because the thermocouples were not located in the hottest parts of the core, they were unaware that some areas were considerably hotter than others. All that was visible on the instruments was a moderate increase in temperature, which was to be expected during annealing. By October 9, the highest recorded temperature in the core had exceeded the permitted maximum of 400 degrees Celsius. Though the temperature was supposed to fall as the energy release ended, fan dampers were nonetheless opened for 15 minutes to induce a cooling flow of air through the reactor. This succeeded in removing much of the excess heat, but one thermocouple indicated that the temperature continued to rise in the core. Early in the morning of October 10, operators noticed that the temperature had not dropped at all from the previous day. It was then that workers in the control room realized that the radiation monitoring devices that measured activity at the top of the discharge stack were at full-scale reading; the extremely overheated graphite core and uranium fuel rods had been burning in the air coolant, and their byproducts were pushed up and out of the stack. The fire Unable to examine the pile with a remote scanner, operators had to don protective gear and physically go to the front face (the charge face) of the reactor to retrieve an inspection plug. It was then that they discovered that the uranium cartridges in four fuel channels were â€Å"glowing bright cherry red. † There was now no doubt that the core was dangerously overheated and the fuel elements were on fire and had been for almost 48 hours. Soon more red-hot fuel cartridges were found glowing in the channels at the rear of the reactor, and flames were visibly licking at the reinforced concrete containment – concrete whose specifications required that it be kept below a certain temperature to prevent disintegration and collapse. Further exacerbating the situation was the operators’ inability to discharge the overheated and burning uranium rods: the metal aluminum canisters that housed them had been distorted by thermal expansion and could not be removed from the channels. Firefighting attempts Operators first tried to extinguish the blaze by turning the cooling fans to full power and blasting air into the reactor core, but this only fanned the flames. The decision was then made to use scaffolding poles to ram the damaged fuel cartridges through the reactor and into the water duct behind it. No matter how much force was applied, however, the rods refused to budge, and the poles were withdrawn with their ends glowing red-hot. At one point, a pole was returned dripping with molten irradiated uranium. The next step was to try to quench the fire by injecting liquid carbon dioxide into the reactor. Twenty-five tons of liquid CO2 was rigged up to the charge face of Pile 1, but the fire inside the reactor was so hot that it stripped the oxygen from whatever carbon dioxide could be applied. By the next day, eleven tons of uranium were ablaze. Temperatures inside the reactor core were extreme: one thermocouple registered 1,300 degrees Celsius, which was over three times the prescribed maximum. Additionally, the concrete biological containment surrounding the reactor was in severe danger of collapsing because of the heat. Faced with this potentially deadly crisis, operators finally decided to flood the core with water. This solution, itself a dangerous risk to take, was considered a last resort for good reason: molten metal oxidizes when it comes into contact with water. Stripping the oxygen from water molecules leaves free hydrogen, which could mix with the incoming air and explode, tearing open the already weakened containment. A dozen nozzle-less hoses were hauled to the charge face of the reactor and fed into the fuel channels about a meter above the heart of the fire. All cooling and ventilating air entering the reactor was shut off in order to minimize the effect of a possible explosion. The water was turned on and as the pressure gradually increased, the flames leaping from the discharge face slowly died away. Operators continued to pump water into the core for the next 24 hours until the reactor was completely cold. The aftermath The limited instrumentation of the reactor at Windscale Works provided little information regarding the quantity of radioactive material released. Subsequently, discharge measurements were based on environmental evidence taken from surrounding areas, ranging from northwestern England to mainland Europe. For the researcher, this event didn’t harm the people through its radiation but really damage the environment. She is thinking that if it wasn’t fired out and worse, spread to other places, how many lives will it take? The fire from it wasn’t really easy to cool because of the substances that made up this power plant. Persons behind this business should be hundred percent careful of their jobs because they can cause a real disaster. All that we can thank for is that, eventhough radiations really spread out; no one was affected by it. 4. Chelyabinsk nuclear waste accident, 1957 The accident occurred at a facility involved in processing and storage of nuclear wastes. Following removal of plutonium, liquid high-level nitrate-containing wastes were stored in underground stainless steel tanks in concrete trenches. The tanks were located about 2 km from the plant, each with a volume of about 300 cubic meters. The tanks included heat exchangers to remove heat buildup in the tanks. The heat exchanger on one tank was shut down in 1956 due to a fault, and it was concluded it was safe to leave the tank uncooled. However, water evaporation in the tank allowed a buildup of nitrates and acetates on the surface of the tanks contents, in contact with air, before a spark from monitoring equipment detonated the contents on 29 Sept. 1957. This chemical explosion had an energy release of 5-10 tons of TNT, releasing about 70-80 tons of wastes with a total activity of about 20 megacuries. Of this, about 18 megacuries was deposited in the immediate area of the explosion site and about 2 megacuries was dispersed over a large area downwind. The area with deposition of at least 2 curies per square km (about 20 times the level of global fallout) extended 105 km downwind and was 8-9 km wide, for a total of about 1,000 sq. km; this corresponded to an initial exposure rate of about 0. 7 rad per day. About 600 residents were evacuated about 7 to 10 days after the accident, and by 18 months after the accident about 10,180 people had been evacuated. According to Russian reports maximum exposures reached 52 rem, with up to 150 rem to the gastrointestinal tract due to ingestion of radionuclides in food and water; some studies showed blood count changes, but no acute radiation injuries were observed. In 1958 590 sq. km in Chelyabinsk province and 470 sq. km in Sverdlovsk province were removed from agricultural use. Following ploughing under of surface soil, all but 220 sq. m was returned to agricultural use between 1961 and 1978. The Soviet government concealed evidence of the accident; it was first discussed in the West by Z. Medvedev in 1976, and first acknowledged by the Soviet government in 1989. The Soviet and Russian governments have denied reports that hundreds of casualties resulted from the accident. A Russian scientist who first reported the disaster estimated that hundreds died from radiation sickness. For the researcher, the news only shows that misuse of such materials and plants may lead to a very great danger. They are harmful and really not safe to use. No one can be absolutely sure that the facilities are safe and cannot release radiation. 5. Hiroshima Was Burnt To Ashes The building was the former Hiroshima Prefecture Industrial Promotion Hall, Where special products of Hiroshima were exhibited and various gatherings were held until the A-bomb was dropped. Since it was located just under the hypocenter, blast pressure was vertically exerted on the building and only the dome-shaped framework and part of the outer wall remained. It has come to be called the A-bomb Dome, and it has come to symbolize to the people of the world No More Hiroshimas. As years passed, however, the ruin has deteriorated further due to winds and rain. A civic movement was started calling for permanent preservation of the A-bomb Dome, and money was contributed from all over Japan, not to mention from Hiroshima. Within a year after the fund-raising campaign was started, the restoration funds had been collected. In August 1967, the reinforcing construction was completed. That is why the present A-bomb Dome gives a different impression from that in the photograph. The bridge located to the south of the Dome is Motoyasu Bridge, and the area to the west of the bridge is the present Peace Park. The hill a little right from the center is Ninoshima, which is about 9 kilometers from the spot where the photograph was taken. The researcher feels pity for the luxurious structure that was once a great help to the citizens of Hiroshima. Nuclear used was really a big disaster to the economy and environment of the place. 6. The Huge Atomic Cloud / The Mushroom Cloud Blowing Up The atomic cloud (mushroom cloud) produced just after the burst is one of the most intensive characteristics of the A-bomb explosion. The Hiroshima Meteorological Observatory reported that just after the flash, black smoke rose from the ground up to the sky reaching an altitude of several thousand meters, and covered the whole city. When the fireball disappeared, the angry clouds, like grey smoke, rose and reached an altitude of 8,000 meters in 5 minutes after the explosion. One of the EnolaGay crew recorded in his flight diary, 9:00a. m.. Clouds were observed. Altitude of 12,000 meters or more. From a distance the cloud formation looked like a mushroom growing out of the ground, with white cloud at the top and yellowish clouds enveloping reddish-black clouds, creating a color that cannot be described as while, black, red or yellow. In Nagasaki, from an observation point at the air-raid lookout post on Kouyagi Island located about 8 kilometers south of the city, just after the flash it appeared that a huge fireball covered the city, as if it were suppressing the city from the sky. Around the fireball there was a doughnut-shaped ring from the midst of which black smoke and flames rose up to the sky in an instant. The ring of the flames did not initially reach the ground. When the fireball scattered with a flash, the city was covered with darkness. The smoke rising from the midst of the ring, glittering in colors of red, white and yellow, reached an altitude of 8,000 meters in only 3 or 4 seconds. After reaching an altitude of 8,000 meters, the smoke ascended more slowly and took about 30 seconds to reach an altitude of 12,000 meters. Then, the mass of smoke gradually discolored and scattered in wads of white clouds. The researcher observed that the photo seems to be a volcanic eruption. The smoke really covers a great distance. She is very sure that even those smoke, and not the eruption itself can killed many people already. 7. Victims Who Escaped Hell On Earth August 6. 1945. This is one of the six photographs recording the disaster of Hiroshima. A precious photograph taken only three hours or so after the explosion. Towards the right and beyond is the center of Hiroshima City, and the raging fire is creeping up. Both ends of this bridge, which was the longest one in Hiroshima at that time, were filled with A-bomb victims. Many of them were students of the Hiroshima Prefectural Daiichi Middle School and the Hiroshima Girls Commercial School who were exposed to and injured by the A-bomb while participating in the demolition of buildings. Mr. Matsushige, who was a news cameraman then, wrote in the Hiroshima Tokuho, issued on August 6, 1980, based on his experience, ads follows: in front of the police box of Senda township located at the west end of Miyuki Bridge, a policeman took off the lid of an oil can and started to give first aid treatment to the people with burns, but the number of the injured increased rapidly. I thought this must be photographed and held the camera in position. The scene I saw through the finder was too cruel. Among the hundreds of injured persons of whom you cannot tell the difference between male and female, there were children screaming Its hot, its hot! and infants crying over the body of their mother who appeared to be already dead. I tried to pull myself together by telling myself that Im a news cameraman, and it is my duty and privilege to take a photograph, even if it is just one, and even if people take me as a devil or a cold-hearted man. I finally managed to press the shutter, but when I looked the finder for the second time, the object was blurred by tears. Because of the atomic bombing, there were no newspaper reports in hiroshima for August 7th and 8th of 1945. The The Hiroshima Tokuho (the phantom newspaper) was published on August 6, 1980, faithfully reflecting the feeling of that time based on the news collected by three reporters and a cameraman who heated toward the hypocenter immediately after the detonation of the A-bomb. The place was described as hell after the event. Meaning it was really hot there. The researcher really pities the innocent victims because of this attack. They were alive but they almost experience the hell with what happened to them. 8. Nuclear power Compared to coal, oil or gas, very small amounts of uranium can make a lot of electricity, and it does not pollute the air with chemicals or solids. Nuclear power is ideal for spacecraft and submarines: a nuclear-powered spacecraft can keep its instruments working for years, while a nuclear-powered submarine can travel around the world without refueling and does not pollute the air with waste gases. But few nuclear power stations are now being built because of the dangers. Nuclear waste is hard to dispose of remaining dangerously radioactive for thousands of years. Making old nuclear reactors safe is expensive. There is also the chance of accident. The researcher believes that having an expensive energy is preferable than always being bothered with your safety. We can still earn money for paying for our consumed energy but we can never buy new lives when they are gone. 9. 300-Year-Old Camphor Tree Uprooted By The Blast In the precincts of the Kokutaiji Temple, the big camphor tree, said to be over 300 years old was designated as a natural monument. Its branches and thick leaves provided a place of comfort for the passers-by during summertime. Its roots spread out in all directions for 300 meters, and the street car lines shown on the left in the photograph had to avoid the tree, which formed an archway over the sidewalk. By a blast pressure of 19 tons per square meter, the tree was uprooted. Also, hundreds of tombstones were knocked in all directions by the complex flow of wind from the blast. The white building seen on the extreme right is the Hiroshima branch of the Bank of Japan. Because it was built of strong ferro-concrete and stonework, the exterior remained uncollapsed but the interior burned. The researcher feels sad for the result of this explosion to think that even those historical and very important monuments of their place were destroyed. No one can ever bring back that tree and even those who were already dead suffered this attack in their place. 10. Disaster Near The Hypocenter Around the Matsuyama-cho intersection which is close to the hypocenter, victims were burned to death in their last gesture grasping at the air or trying to escape. Everything that burns was burnt. Roof tiles were crushed into small pieces and scattered all over, air-raid shelters and street cars were burned and ruined. All tell the miserable story without words. In the Record of the Nagasaki A-bomb War Disaster, the situation in Matsuyama Township is described as follows: A huge fireball formed in the sky. Directly beneath it is Matsuyama Township. Together with the flash came the heat rays and blast, which instantly destroyed everything on earth and those in the area fell unconscious and were crushed to death. Then they were blown up in the air and hurled back to the ground. The roaring flames burned those caught under the structures who were crying or groaning for help. When the fire burnt itself out, there appeared a completely changed, vast, colorless world that made you think it was the end of life on earth. In a heap of ashes lay the debris of the disaster and charred trees, presenting a gruesome scene. The whole city became extinct. Citizens who were in Matsuyama Township, the hypocenter, were all killed instantly, excepting a child who was in an air-raid shelter. The researcher learned that everything on the center of the explosion was crushed. Nothing can be recovered. Thousands of death can be recorded on that place. Many lives were lost and suffered this explosion. 11. Thermal Rays Leave Human Shadow On Stone Steps The photograph shows the stone steps of the main entrance of Sumitomo Bank which is only 250 meters from the hypocenter. It is believed that a person sat down on the steps facing the direction of the hypocenter, possibly waiting for the bank to open. By a flash of the heat rays with temperatures well over a 1,000 degrees or possibly 2,000 degrees centigrade, that person was incinerated on the stone steps. Up to about 10 years after the explosion, the shadow remained clearly on the stones, but exposure to rain and wind has been gradually blurring it. So, when the bank was newly built, the stone steps were removed and are now preserved at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. The researcher proved that the rays were very high that even shadows of a person leaved a trace. They can never deny the fact that the radiation caused by the explosion was really dangerous to all the people there. 12. Nuclear radiations effects on humans High Doses Exposure to high doses of radiationat least 80 remkills human cells, damaging tissue and organs immediately. This anatomical response, referred to as acute radiation syndrome, was seen in many atomic bomb survivors in 1945 and about 134 plant workers and firefighters in Chernobyl, Ukraine, the site of the worlds worst nuclear power plant disaster. Of the 134 workers, exposure rates of 80 rem to 1,600 rem killed 28 within three months of the accident. Exposures up to100 rem can damage the stomach lining, interfering with its water and nutrient intake function. The immune system sustains damage at exposure rates up to 300 rem, subjecting the subject to infection and disease, and exposures of 400 rem and above are expected to kill 50 percent of subjects within 60 days of exposure, largely due to infection. Lower Doses Exposure to lower doses of nuclear radiationless than10 remcan have a cumulative effect on human cells. Though no immediate cell damage is apparent at these dosage levels, continued exposure for long periods can change the structure of the cell. It usually takes five to 20 years for appreciable change to occur, with the main health concerns being cancers and abnormal genetic mutation. Radiation-altered genes can cause stillbirths, congenital abnormalities, infant mortality, decreased birth weight and childhood mortality. Genetic effects due to radiation exposure can be passed on to the exposed persons children, or can affect children born several generations later. Exposure to nuclear radiation is five times more likely to cause cancer than genetic alteration. No evidence of genetic mutation was found in the offspring of Hiroshima or Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors. Non-Cancer Diseases According to a 1998 Radiation Effects Research Foundation study on atomic bomb survivors, a number of noncancer diseases are caused by radiation exposure, as well. The study found a higher incidence of hypertension and myocardial infarction, noncancerous thyroid disease, cataracts, chronic liver disease, uterine, kidney and ureter disease in the studys subjects, as compared to nonexposed individuals. Although a direct causal relationship between radiation exposure and heart disease has been proven, the evidence linking radiation exposure and other diseases largely remains statistical. The researcher strongly disagrees with the use of nuclear in any place because it can really damage the lives of any human being. No one can ever say what can happen and assure the safety of this radiation. 13. Thermal Rays Leave Shadow Of Handrail The photograph shows the shadow made by the heat rays. This place is about 800 meters from the hypocenter, and the unshielded asphalt surface was scorched, whereas the surface shielded by the handrail appears to be a whitish shadow. The peculiarity characterizing the heat rays from the A-bomb is that an enormous amount of heat is emitted in a short time for 3 seconds after the explosion. The thermal loss by heat conductivity is very little because of the short time, and consequently the surface temperature of a material becomes very high. Within a 1 kilometer radius of the hypocenter, there were many instances where the roof tiles melted and left bubbles. The photograph made the researcher really convinced that the explosion was really great. The rays of the heat were traced on the road proving that it was a very high radiation. The traces of the radiation can show the amount of radiation the place received by the shadows it leaves on the road. 14. Three Mile Island accident The Three Mile Island accident of 1979 was a partial core meltdown in Unit 2 (a pressurized water reactor manufactured by Babcock Wilcox) of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania near Harrisburg. It was the most significant accident in the history of the American commercial nuclear power generating industry, resulting in the release of up to 481 PBq (13 million curies) of radioactive gases, but less than 740 GBq (20 curies) of the particularly dangerous iodine-131. The accident began at 4:00 a. m. n Wednesday, March 28, 1979, with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed by a stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve (PORV) in the primary system, which allowed large amounts of reactor coolant to escape. The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a loss of coolant accident due to inadequate training and ambiguous control room indicators . The scope and complexity of the accident became clear over the course of five days, as employees of Metropolitan Edison (Met Ed, the utility operating the plant), Pennsylvania state officials, and members of the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) tried to understand the problem, communicate the situation to the press and local community, decide whether the accident required an emergency evacuation, and ultimately end the crisis. In the end, the reactor was brought under control, although full details of the accident were not discovered until much later, following extensive investigations by both a presidential commission and the NRC. The Kemeny Commission Report concluded that there will either be no case of cancer or the number of cases will be so small that it will never be possible to detect them. The same conclusion applies to the other possible health effects. Several epidemiological studies in the years since the accident have supported the conclusion that radiation releases from the accident had no perceptible effect on cancer incidence in residents near the plant, though these findings have been contested by one team of researchers. Public reaction to the event was probably influenced by the release (12 days before the accident) of a movie called The China Syndrome, depicting an accident at a nuclear reactor. Communications from officials during the initial phases of the accident were felt to be confusing. The accident was followed by a cessation of new nuclear plant construction in the US. The researcher found out that people are really behind these accidents and eventhough they also didn’t want it, still it’s their fault. Precautionary measures should always be implemented. If everyone should be very cautious, no one will be in danger. 15. The China Syndrome(Movie) This gripping 1979 drama about the dangers of nuclear power carried an extra jolt when a real-life accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania occurred just weeks after the film opened. Kimberly Wells (Jane Fonda) is a TV reporter trying to advance from fluff pieces to harder news. Wells and cameraman Richard Adams (Michael Douglas, who also produced) are doing a story on energy when they happen to witness a near-meltdown at a local nuclear plant, averted only by quick-thinking engineer Jack Godell (Jack Lemmon). While Wells and Adams fruitlessly attempt to get the story on their station, Godell begins his own investigation and discovers that corporate greed and cost-trimming have led to potentially deadly faults in the plants construction. He provides evidence of the faulty equipment, which could lead to another meltdown (the China syndrome of the title), to the stations soundman to deliver to Wells and Adams at a hearing on nuclear power. However, on the way to the hearing, the soundman is run off the road by evil henchmen, leading Godell to realize that his own life is threatened, possibly by his bosses at the plant. Driven to the edge of a breakdown, Godell takes over the plants control room at gunpoint and demands to reveal his findings on TV. The plants management, however, has other plans, and the facility itself is becoming dangerously unstable. Whether or not you agree with the films clear anti-nuclear bias, its sobering message and riveting, realistic story and performances are still difficult to ignore. The movie was based on a real nuclear accident. The researcher thinks that producing movies like this is also a way of informing everyone of the isastrous effect of nuclear. They should continue doing this to teach and inform everyone. 16. The Hills have eyes(movie) Horror auteur Wes Craven followed his threadbare but horrifically compelling cult classic Last House on the Left with this wonderfully demented morality fable about a bloody war of attrition between two extremely different families. The story opens on the journey of the Carters, a mildly dysfunctional extended family led by pat riarch Big Bob Carter (Russ Grieve), as they travel across the California desert in search of an inherited silver mine. When a broken axle leaves them stranded in the middle of a former nuclear testing site, their attempts to find help lead them unwittingly into the territory of a savage family of cave-dwelling cannibals, the apparent progeny of the bearlike Jupiter (James Whitworth) and an abducted prostitute. Jupiters eldest son Pluto (professional movie weirdo Michael Berryman) leads the first brutal attack on the defenseless Carters who, through necessity, are driven to equally extreme measures in order to survive. Though the film is not overtly bloody, the scenes depicting this confrontation are rendered with an unflinching directness, and the violations visited on the Carters are so brutal as to make the survivors regression into savagery all the more convincing. No one is spared from the nightmare: Jupiters boys have even kidnapped the youngest member of the Carter family a mere infant to serve as fodder for their next barbecue, and the baby becomes the main point of contention between the rival clans. Craven nevertheless refuses to take the easy way out by depicting his monsters as soullessly evil; parallels between either familys values are clearly drawn as the differences between the two clans begin to blur. The researcher wanted everyone to be informed that nuclear are really harmful to humans and environment. In this movie, the people living on the nuclear testing site were born deformed because of the radiations that the nuclear are emitting. They got angry to everyone and try to make a revenge by killing people that passes their place. 7. Nuclear Winters It is the term referring to the global environmental catastrophe that might occur as a result of dramatic changes in the earth’s atmosphere caused by nuclear war. The theory holds that the dust and debris hurled into the sky by nuclear bombs would remain in the air for years, blocking a large percentage of the sun’s light and resulting in freezing temperatures throughout the world. Nearly all crops will die, fo od chains will be interrupted, and many species of plants and animal life would become extinct. Agriculture as we know it would no longer be possible. The researcher proves that nuclear is not only harmful to humans but even to plants and animals. Even the source of income of many will be totally damaged. Lives would be really hard for them. Even the natural processes of the environment will be interrupted. 18. Pregnancy and Radiation Exposure The following information pertains to reproductive risks of radiation exposures to women who are pregnant and have questions about the risk of birth defects and miscarriage. It is also for men and women who are concerned about radiation exposures they have had that might impact the development of their sperm or their eggs (ova) and their risk of genetic diseases because of the radiation exposure. The next few paragraphs are some basic concepts as an introduction to help understand the more specific information provided later. It must be remembered, however, that every healthy woman without personal or a family history of reproductive or developmental problems begins her pregnancy with a 3 percent risk for birth defects and a 15 percent risk for miscarriage. These are background risks for all healthy pregnant women. Ionizing radiation is the kind of electromagnetic radiation produced by x-ray machines, radioactive isotopes (radionuclides), and radiation therapy machines. There is potential for the embryo or fetus to be exposed during the diagnostic or therapeutic procedures for women who are pregnant and have x rays, fluoroscopy, or radiation therapy or are administered liquid radioactive materials. To determine the risks of a radiation exposure, it is best to request a consultation from a health physicist who works at or consults for the organization where the procedures were performed. In many instances, an evaluation of the radiation exposure would not be necessary because the radiological procedure did not expose the developing embryo. Most diagnostic procedures expose the embryo to less than 5 rad or 50 mSv. 1 This level of radiation exposure will not increase reproductive risks (either birth defects or miscarriage). According to published information, the reported dose of radiation to result in an increased incidence of birth defects or miscarriage is above 20 rad or 200 mSv. Another important consideration is the stage of pregnancy in which the radiation exposure occurred: †¢In the first two weeks postconception or the second two weeks from the last menstrual period, the embryo is very resistant to the malforming effects of x rays. The embryo is, however, sensitive to the lethal effects of x rays, although doses much higher than 5 rad or 50 mSv are necessary to cause a miscarriage. From the third to the eighth week of pregnancy, the embryo is in the period of early embryonic development but is not affected with birth defects, pregnancy loss, or growth retardation unless the exposure is substantially above the 20 rad (200 mSv) exposure. †¢From the eighth to the fifteenth week of pregnancy, the embryo or fetus is sensitive to the effects of radiation on the central nervous system. But h ere again, the exposure has to be very high. The threshold has been estimated to be higher than 30 rad (300 mSv) before an effect can be seen on the IQ of the developing embryo. General diagnostic studies do not reach these levels and, therefore, these effects are rarely of concern for patients. †¢Beyond the 20th week of pregnancy, when the fetus is completely developed, it has become more resistant to the developmental effects of radiation. In fact, the fetus is probably no more vulnerable to many of the effects of radiation than the mother in the latter part of pregnancy. But the most important thing is that practically none of the diagnostic radiological procedures will affect an embryo at this late stage of pregnancy and certainly there is no risk for birth defects or miscarriage from the range of exposures that occur from diagnostic studies. †¢The reproductive risk of nonionizing radiation, which includes electromagnetic fields emitted from computers, microwave communication systems, microwave ovens, power lines, cellular phones, household appliances, heating pads and warming blankets, airport screening devices for metal objects, and diagnostic levels of ultrasound, has been studied extensively. Two national committees of scientists evaluated the risk from these nonionizing radiation sources. Both of the committees published books on the subject. The first came out in 1993 from the Oak Ridge Associated University panel created by the White House while the second was the product of the committee of the National Academy of Sciences. Both of these groups concluded that the reproductive risk of nonionizing radiation is minimal if even existent. The researcher shows that even pregnancy can be harmed by radiations. It can also cause birth defects because of the exposure of the ova and sperm before an embryo was formed. The cells and hormones of man and women can be destroyed by radiation. 19. Radiation Injury The damaging effects of radiation depend on several factors: †¢The amount (dose) †¢How rapidly the dose is received †¢How much of the body is exposed †¢The sensitivity of particular tissues to radiation A single, rapid dose of radiation to the entire body can be fatal, but the same total dose given over a period of weeks or months may have much less effect. The effects of radiation also depend on how much of the body is exposed. For example, more than 6 Gy is usually fatal when the radiation is distributed over the entire body. However, when concentrated in certain small areas and spread out over a period of weeks or months, as in radiation therapy for cancer, 10 or more times this amount can be given without serious harm. Some parts of the body are more sensitive to radiation. Organs and tissues in which cells multiply quickly, such as the intestine and bone marrow, are harmed more easily by radiation than those in which cells multiply more slowly, such as muscles and brain cells. The thyroid gland is susceptible to cancer after being exposed to radioactive iodine because radioactive iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland. Radiation and Children: Children are more susceptible to radiation injury because their cells typically divide more rapidly than those of adults. The fetus is exceptionally sensitive to damage from radiation. In the fetus, exposure in excess of 300 mGy during 8 to 25 weeks after conception may cause reduced intelligence and poor school performance. Birth defects may occur due to exposure in the womb to high doses of radiation. However, at doses less than 100 mGy, particularly at the even lower doses used in imaging tests a pregnant woman might typically undergo, there is no apparent increase beyond the normal risk of having a birth defect. Radiation and Cancer: A large radiation exposure increases the risk of cancer because of damage to the genetic material (DNA) in cells that survive the radiation. However, radiation is a weaker cause of cancer than people think. Even a whole-body dose of 1 Gy (over 300 times more than the average annual background radiation dose) increases a typical persons lifetime risk of dying from cancer from 25% to about 30%. Childrens risk of radiation-induced cancer is several times higher than that of adults. Children may be more susceptible because their cells divide more often and because they have a longer lifespan during which cancer may develop. The lifetime risk of cancer for a 1-year-old who has a CT scan of the abdomen is estimated to increase by 0. 18%. Radiation and Inherited Defects: In animals, irradiation of the ovaries or testes at high doses has been shown to lead to defective offspring (hereditary effects). However, no increase in the percentage of birth defects was observed in the children of survivors of the nuclear detonations in Japan. It may be that the radiation exposure was not high enough to cause a measurable increase. Symptoms depend on whether radiation exposure involves the whole body or is limited to a small portion of the body. At high doses, whole-body exposure causes acute radiation illness, and partial body exposure causes local radiation injury. Acute Radiation Illness: Acute radiation illness typically occurs in people whose entire body has been exposed to very high doses of radiation all at once or over a short period of time. Doctors divide acute radiation syndromes into three groups based on the main organ system affected, although there is overlap among these groups: †¢Hematopoietic syndrome †¢Gastrointestinal syndrome †¢Cerebrovascular syndrome Acute radiation illness usually progresses through three stages: †¢Early symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, tiredness, and, when very high radiation doses are received, diarrhea (collectively called the prodrome) †¢A symptom-free period (latent stage) †¢Various patterns of symptoms (syndromes), depending on the amount of radiation received Which syndrome develops, its severity, and its rate of progression depend on the radiation dose. As the dose increases, symptoms develop earlier, progress more rapidly (for example, from prodromal symptoms to the various organ system syndromes), and become more severe. The severity and time course of the early symptoms are fairly consistent from person to person for a given amount of radiation exposure. Thus, doctors often can estimate a persons radiation exposure from the timing, nature, and severity of the early symptoms. The hematopoietic syndrome is caused by the effects of radiation on the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes—the primary sites of blood cell production (hematopoiesis). Loss of appetite (anorexia), lethargy, nausea, and vomiting may begin 1 to 6 hours after exposure to 1 to 6 Gy of radiation. These symptoms resolve within 24 to 36 hours after exposure, and people feel well for a week or more. During this symptom-free period, the blood-producing cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes begin to waste away and are not replaced, leading to a severe shortage of white blood cells, followed by a shortage of platelets and then red blood cells. The shortage of white blood cells can lead to severe infections. The shortage of platelets may cause uncontrolled bleeding. The shortage of red blood cells (anemia) causes fatigue, weakness, paleness, and difficulty breathing with hysical exertion. After 4 to 5 weeks, if people survive, blood cells begin to be produced once more, but people feel weak and tired for months. The gastrointestinal syndrome is due to the effects of radiation on the cells lining the digestive tract. Severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may begin in less than 1 hour after exposure to 6 Gy or more of radiation. The symptoms may lead to severe dehydration, but they resolve within 2 days. During the next 4 or 5 days (latent stage), people feel well, but the cells lining the digestive tract, which normally act as a protective barrier, die and are shed. After this time, severe diarrhea—often bloody—returns, once more result in dehydration. Bacteria from the digestive tract may invade the body, producing severe infections. People who have received this much radiation also develop the hematopoietic syndrome, which results in bleeding and infection and increases their risk of death. After exposure to 6 Gy or more of radiation, death is common. However, with advanced medical support, about 50% of people may survive. The cerebrovascular syndrome occurs when the total dose of radiation exceeds 20 to 30 Gy. People rapidly develop confusion, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, tremors, and shock. The latent phase is brief or absent. Within hours, blood pressure falls, accompanied by seizures and coma. The cerebrovascular syndrome is always fatal within a few hours to 1 or 2 days. Local Radiation Injury: Radiation therapy for cancer is one of the most common causes of local radiation injuries. Other causes produce similar symptoms. Symptoms depend on the amount of radiation and the area of the body treated. Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite may occur during or shortly after irradiation of the brain or abdomen. Large amounts of radiation to a limited area of the body often damage the skin over that area. Skin changes include hair loss, redness, peeling, sores, and, possibly eventual thinning of the skin and dilated blood vessels just beneath the skins surface (spider veins). Radiation to the mouth and jaw can cause permanent dry mouth, resulting in an increased number of dental caries and damage to the jawbone. Radiation to the lungs can cause lung inflammation (radiation pneumonitis), and very high doses can result in severe scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue, which can cause disabling shortness of breath and later death. The heart and its protective sac (pericardium) can become inflamed after extensive radiation to the chest, causing symptoms such as chest pain and shortness of breath. High accumulated doses of radiation to the spinal cord can cause catastrophic damage, leading to paralysis, incontinence, and loss of sensation. Extensive radiation to the abdomen (for lymph node, testicular, or ovarian cancer) can lead to chronic ulcers, scarring, and narrowing or perforation of the intestine, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, vomiting blood, and dark, tarry stools. Occasionally, severe injuries develop long after the completion of radiation therapy. Kidney function may decline 6 months to a year after people have received extremely large amounts of radiation, resulting in anemia and high blood pressure. High accumulated doses of radiation to muscles may cause a painful condition that includes muscle wasting (atrophy) and calcium deposits in the irradiated muscle. Occasionally, radiat ion therapy may result in a new cancerous (malignant) tumor. These radiation-induced cancers typically occur 10 or more years after exposure. Diagnosis Exposure to radiation may be obvious from peoples history. Radiation injury is suspected when people develop symptoms of illness or skin redness or sores after receiving radiation therapy or being exposed during a radiation accident. The time until symptoms develop can help doctors estimate the radiation dose. No specific tests are available to diagnose radiation exposure, although certain standard clinical tests may be used to detect infection, low blood counts, or organ malfunction. To help determine the severity of radiation exposure, doctors measure the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Typically, the lower the lymphocyte count 48 hours after exposure, the worse the radiation exposure. Radioactive contamination, unlike irradiation, can be determined by surveying a persons body with a Geiger-Muller counter, a device that detects radiation. Swabs from the nose, throat, and any wounds also are checked for radioactivity. The early symptoms of acute radiation illness–nausea, vomiting, and tremors–can also be caused by anxiety. Because anxiety is common after terrorist and nuclear incidents, people should not panic when such symptoms develop, particularly if the amount of radiation exposure is unknown and may have been small. The researcher learned that there are so many diseases associated with these radiations and we cannot avoid it. All we can do is to be very cautious and avoid these radiations that can really cause harm to our lives. 20. Survey Question: â€Å"do you believe that nuclear plants should be totally banned everywhere? † Out of 30 people who answered the survey, 83% believes that it should be banned and should not be used anywhere because it is very dangerous. 13% said that it should not be banned because it can serve as a source of cheap energy. % said that it can still be used but only those who can assure that it should not leak. The survey shows that most people don’t want to use nuclear as a source of energy. Even nuclear is cheap and affordable to use, they can really harm the people around he plant. Safety is really an issue when nuclear plant is proposed. 21. Effects of nuclear explosions The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can be d ivided into four basic categories: Blast—40-50% of total energy Thermal radiation—30-50% of total energy Ionizing radiation—5% of total energy Residual radiation—5-10% of total energy However, depending on the design of the weapon and the environment in which it is detonated the energy distributed to these categories can be increased or decreased to the point of nullification. The blast effect is created by the coupling of immense amounts of energy, spanning the electromagnetic spectrum, with the surroundings. Locations such as submarine, surface, airburst, or exo-atmospheric determine how much energy is produced as blast and how much as radiation. In general, denser mediums around the bomb, like water, absorb more energy, and create more powerful shockwaves while at the same time limiting the area of its effect. The dominant effects of a nuclear weapon where people are likely to be affected (blast and thermal radiation) are identical physical damage mechanisms to conventional explosives. However the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more powerful per gram and the temperatures reached are briefly in the tens of millions of degrees. Energy from a nuclear explosive is initially released in several forms of penetrating radiation. When there is a surrounding material such as air, rock, or water, this radiation interacts with and rapidly heats it to an equilibrium temperature (i. e. so that the matter is at the same temperature as the atomic bombs matter). This causes vaporization of surrounding material resulting in its rapid expansion. Kinetic energy created by this expansion contributes to the formation of a shockwave. When a nuclear detonation occurs in air near sea level, much of the released energy interacts with the atmosphere and creates a shockwave which expands spherically from the hypocenter. Intense thermal radiation at the hypocenter forms a fireball and if the burst is low enough, it’s often associated mushroom cloud. In a burst at high altitudes, where the air density is low, more energy is released as ionizing gamma radiation and x-rays than an atmosphere displacing shockwave. In 1945 there was some initial speculation among the scientists developing the first nuclear weapons that there might be a possibility of igniting the Earths atmosphere with a large enough nuclear explosion. This would concern a nuclear reaction of two nitrogen atoms forming a carbon and an oxygen atom, with release of energy. This energy would heat up the remaining nitrogen enough to keep the reaction going until all nitrogen atoms were consumed. This was, however, quickly shown to be unlikely enough to be considered impossible. Nevertheless, the notion has persisted as a rumour for many years. The researcher feels bad about this thing because of learning that even the atmosphere can be totally damaged when nuclear exploded and reached it. Every gram of nuclear can result to a more disastrous explosion. 22. Direct effects An estimate of the size of the damage caused by the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A modern hydrogen bomb would be tens[3] of times more powerful and cause similar levels of damage at 2-5 times the distance. Blast damage The high temperatures and pressures cause gas to move outward radially in a thin, dense shell called the hydrodynamic front. The front acts like a piston that pushes against and compresses the surrounding medium to make a spherically expanding shock wave. At first, this shock wave is inside the surface of the developing fireball, which is created in a volume of air by the X-rays. However, within a fraction of a second the dense shock front obscures the fireball, causing the characteristic double pulse of light seen from a nuclear detonation. For air bursts at or near sea-level between 50-60% of the explosions energy goes into the blast wave, depending on the size and the yield-to-weight ratio of the bomb. As a general rule, the blast fraction is higher for low yield and/or high bomb mass. Furthermore, it decreases at high altitudes because there is less air mass to absorb radiation energy and convert it into blast. This effect is most important for altitudes above 30 km, corresponding to